#Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics

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Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market is growing amid VC Funding Surge

Market size and Overview The Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market is witnessing a robust influx of venture capital and strategic alliances.

The Global Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market size is estimated to be valued at USD 335.8 Mn in 2025 and is expected to reach USD 790 Mn by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13% from 2025 to 2032. Cutting-edge single-cell mapping technologies and spatial multiomics integration are driving this expansion. Our detailed Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market Insights report underscores the rise of spatial proteomics and in situ sequencing segments, shaping future market dynamics. This market report consolidates comprehensive market research and real-world data to refine growth strategies and anticipate market opportunities. By 2032, sustained market growth and increased market size will reflect accelerated industry adoption. Get more insights on,Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market

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Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics: A Novel Method for Analyzing Cellular Heterogeneity

Spatial genomics transcriptomics is an emerging single-cell sequencing technique that allows for the measurements of gene expression across spatially localized regions of a tissue. Unlike traditional single-cell RNA sequencing approaches that dissociate tissues into single cells before analysis, spatial genomics transcriptomics retains the spatial architecture and cellular context of the original tissue. This property allows researchers to map gene expression profiles onto precise locations in tissues and identify cell types in various anatomical regions. How Does it Work? At the core of the technology is a hydrogel-based tissue immobilization method. Tissues are frozen and embedded in a hydrogel matrix. The hydrogel stabilizes cell positions relative to one another during subsequent processing steps. The embedded tissue is then sliced into thin sections and mounted onto a glass slide. Oligonucleotide-conjugated barcodes are arrayed on the slide in distinct spots. When the tissue section is placed on top, cells come into contact with the array spots, with each spot representing a discrete location in the original tissue. Cellular mRNAs are released, diffuse through the hydrogel, and hybridize to complimentary barcodes. The slide is then subjected to reverse transcription and library preparation for sequencing. In this way, DNA sequences representing the transcriptomes of cells from defined locales are generated and spatially mapped. Data Analysis and Visualization The sequenced libraries contain both positional barcode and gene expression information which can be analyzed using computational techniques. Spatial gene expression maps of the original tissue are reconstructed by aligning the sequencing reads back to the original positional barcode array. This data can then be analyzed with various clustering and dimensionality reduction algorithms to identify regionalized cell populations and characterize their transcriptomic signatures. Spatial expression patterns are often visualized as "heatmaps" - with gene expression abundance levels represented by a color gradient across the tissue area. Various bioinformatics tools have also been developed to integrate spatial transcriptomics data with other omics data types, annotations, and cellular atlases - allowing researchers to compare expression profiles against known cell types and phenotypes. Applications and Insights In the past few years, spatial genomics transcriptomics has offered new perspectives on tissue organization and enabled discoveries that conventional methods could not. For example, studies have mapped immune cell infiltration patterns in tumor microenvironments with single-cell resolution. This has provided clues about how the interplay between tumors and immune responses impact clinical outcomes. In the brain, spatial transcriptomics has revealed molecular definitions of cortical layers and subregions, characterized progenitor cell zones in the hippocampus, and tracked neural cell maturation across development. By preserving spatial relationships, it has also facilitated discoveries like gradients of gene expression correlating with tissue architecture in the skin. Researchers are also exploring its potential in fields like developmental biology, neuroscience, immunology and more - to decipher how tissues are patterned, gain insights into disease progression and responses to therapies, and map cell-cell communication networks at a fine-scale level in intact native environments. As protocols evolve to incorporate additional readouts like protein localization, spatial genomics promises to revolutionize our multi-dimensional understanding of tissue organization and function.

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Global Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market Is Estimated To Witness High Growth Owing To Increasing Adoption of Spatial Genomics Technologies

Market Overview: Spatial genomics transcriptomics combines the technologies of spatial transcriptomics and genomics to analyze gene expression within the context of tissue architecture. This innovative approach allows researchers to study the spatial organization of gene expression within individual cells, leading to a better understanding of various biological processes and disease mechanisms. The market for spatial genomics transcriptomics is driven by the increasing adoption of these technologies in various research applications, including cancer research, neurobiology, developmental biology, and immunology. The ability to analyze gene expression within the context of tissue architecture provides valuable insights into cell-to-cell interactions, cellular heterogeneity, and spatial relationships, making it a powerful tool for biomedical research. The global Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market Size is estimated to be valued at US$ 262.7 million in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 13% over the forecast period 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. Market Key Trends: One key trend driving the growth of the spatial genomics transcriptomics market is the increasing demand for single-cell analysis. Single-cell analysis allows researchers to study individual cells rather than bulk population samples, providing a deeper understanding of cellular heterogeneity and development. Spatial genomics transcriptomics takes single-cell analysis a step further by incorporating spatial information, enabling researchers to study gene expression within the context of tissue architecture. This integrated approach allows for a more comprehensive analysis of complex biological systems and has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of cellular processes and disease mechanisms. For example, 10x Genomics, one of the key players in the spatial genomics transcriptomics market, offers the Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution, which enables researchers to analyze gene expression in intact tissue sections. This technology allows for the identification of cell types, mapping of gene expression, and analysis of the spatial relationships between cells. By combining single-cell analysis with spatial information, researchers can gain valuable insights into the role of gene expression in tissue development and disease progression. PEST Analysis: Political: The spatial genomics transcriptomics market is influenced by government regulations and policies regarding genomics research and healthcare. Government funding and support for research initiatives can drive market growth. Economic: The market is driven by increasing investment in genomics research and the growing demand for personalized medicine. The economic factors, such as GDP growth, healthcare expenditure, and disposable income, also impact the adoption of spatial genomics transcriptomics technologies. Social: The growing prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for better diagnostic and treatment options are driving the demand for spatial genomics transcriptomics technologies. The increasing awareness and acceptance of personalized medicine among patients and healthcare professionals are also contributing to market growth. In conclusion, the spatial genomics transcriptomics market is poised for significant growth due to the increasing adoption of these technologies in various research applications. The integration of spatial information with gene expression data provides valuable insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms, driving the demand for spatial genomics transcriptomics technologies. With advancements in genomics research and technological innovation, this market is set to revolutionize our understanding of biology and contribute to the development of personalized medicine.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Arthritis medications could reverse COVID lung damage - Published Sept 6, 2024

Arthritis drugs already available for prescription have the potential to halt lingering lung problems that can last months or years after COVID-19 infections, new research from the University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cedars-Sinai suggests.

By examining damaged human lungs and developing an innovative new lab model, the scientists identified faulty immune processes responsible for the ongoing lung issues that plague an increasing number of people after they've otherwise recovered from COVID-19. These lasting harms of COVID infection, known as "post-infection lung fibrosis," have no good treatments. The new research, however, suggests that existing drugs such as baricitinib and anakinra can disrupt the malfunctioning immune response and finally allow damaged lungs to heal.

"Using advanced technologies like spatial transcriptomics and sophisticated microscopy, we compared lung tissues from patients and animal models we developed in the lab. We found that malfunctioning immune cells disrupt the proper healing process in the lungs after viral damage. Importantly, we also identified the molecules responsible for this issue and potential therapeutic options for patients with ongoing lung damage."

"'Spatial-omics' are state-of-the-arts technologies that can measure the molecular features with spatial location information within a sample," explained researcher Chongzhi Zang, PhD, of UVA's Department of Genome Sciences. "This work demonstrates the power of spatial transcriptomics combined with data science approaches in unraveling the molecular etiology of long COVID."

The researchers note that the findings could prove beneficial not just for lung scarring from COVID but for lung fibrosis stemming from other sources as well.

"This study shows that treatments used for the acute COVID-19 disease may also reduce the development of chronic sequelae, including lung scarring," said Peter Chen, MD, the Medallion Chair in Molecular Medicine and interim chair of the Department of Medicine at Cedars-Sinai. "Our work will be foundational in developing therapies for lung fibrosis caused by viruses or other conditions."

Understanding COVID-19 lung damage The researchers – led by Sun, Chen and Zang – wanted to better understand the cellular and molecular causes of the lingering lung problems that can follow COVID infections. These problems can include ongoing lung damage and harmful inflammation that persists well after the COVID-19 virus has been cleared from the body.

The researchers began by examining severely damaged lungs from transplant patients at both UVA and Cedars-Sinai. None of the patients had a lung disease that would have required a transplant prior to contracting COVID-19, so the scientists were hopeful that the lungs would provide vital clues as to why the patients suffered such severe lung damage and persistent fibrosis. Using the insights they obtained, the scientists then developed a new mouse model to understand how normally beneficial immune responses were going awry.

The researchers found that immune cells known as CD8+ T cells were having faulty interactions with another type of immune cell, macrophages. These interactions were causing the macrophages to drive damaging inflammation even after the initial COVID-19 infection had resolved, when the immune system would normally stand down.

The scientists remain uncertain about the underlying trigger for the immune malfunction – the immune system may be responding to lingering remnants of the COVID-19 virus, for example, or there could be some other cause, they say.

The new research suggests that this harmful cycle of inflammation, injury and fibrosis can be broken using drugs such as baricitinib and anakinra, both of which have already been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration to treat the harmful inflammation seen in rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia, a form of hair loss.

While more study is needed to verify the drugs' effectiveness for this new purpose, the researchers hope their findings will eventually offer patients with persistent post-COVID lung problems much-needed treatment options.

"Tens of millions of people around the world are dealing with complications from long COVID or other post-infection syndromes," Sun said. "We are just beginning to understand the long-term health effects caused by acute infections. There is a strong need for more basic, translational and clinical research, along with multi-disciplinary collaborations, to address these unmet needs of patients.

Journal reference: Narasimhan, H., et al. (2024). An aberrant immune–epithelial progenitor niche drives viral lung sequelae. Nature. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07926-8 www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07926-8

[bpod-bpod]

More Than Immunity

As skin develops before birth it's rich in innate (a first response, rather than an adapting form of defence) immune cells, including macrophages. By creating a reference atlas of pre-natal human skin (7–17 weeks post-conception), combining single-cell and spatial transcriptomics (locating active genes) data, this study finds that macrophages play a role beyond providing immunity, driving the development of vessels in the skin

Read the published research article here

Still from video from work by Nusayhah Hudaa Gopee, Elena Winheim and Bayanne Olabi, and colleagues

Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Published in Nature, October 2024

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[bisresearch0]

Spatiotemporal Omics Market: Growth Trends, Technologies, and Future Forecast

What is spatiotemporal omics?

Spatiotemporal omics is an advanced approach in molecular biology that integrates spatial and temporal dimensions into multi-omics analyses (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics). This technique enables the mapping of biomolecular changes within the precise anatomical context of tissues over time, offering unprecedented resolution into how cellular behavior evolves in health and disease. It has transformative potential in areas such as oncology, neuroscience, immunology, and developmental biology, driving innovation in precision medicine and systems biology.

The Spatio OMICS Market is expected to grow at a significant rate due to advancements in sequencing and imaging technologies, and expansion of research and development funding.

Which technologies are driving the spatiotemporal omics market?

Spatial Transcriptomics – Maps gene expression in tissue context

Spatial Proteomics – Visualizes protein distribution

Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) – Detects molecules with spatial precision

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq) – Captures temporal changes at cell level

Multiplexed Imaging (e.g., CODEX, MIBI) – Analyzes many biomarkers in tissues

What are the current limitations or challenges in spatiotemporal omics adoption?

High Technology Costs: The advanced instruments and reagents required for spatiotemporal omics are costly, making adoption challenging for many academic and smaller research institutions. This financial barrier limits access despite rising interest in spatial biology.

Complexity of Data Analysis: Spatiotemporal omics generate vast, high-dimensional datasets combining molecular and imaging data. Processing this information demands specialized software, computational infrastructure, and bioinformatics expertise. Without these, deriving actionable insights can be slow and resource-intensive.

Limited Skilled Workforce and Infrastructure: The field requires interdisciplinary skills in molecular biology, spatial imaging, and data science. However, a shortage of trained professionals and inadequate infrastructure in many regions slows down adoption and implementation across research and clinical environments.

To get detailed information on Spatiotemporal OMICS Industry, Click here!

Which regions are investing heavily in spatiotemporal omics research and development?

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Latin America

Who are the leading players in the spatiotemporal omics industry?

10x Genomics

NanoString Technologies

Akoya Biosciences

Bruker Corporation

Vizgen

RareCyte

For a comprehensive analysis, refer to the full report by BIS Research: Spatiotemporal OMICS Market.

End Use Insights

Innovation Strategy: It identifies opportunities for market entry and technology adoption, helping organizations stay ahead of the competition while meeting evolving customer demands.

Growth Strategy: The report outlines targeted growth strategies to optimize market share, enhance brand presence, and drive revenue expansion.

Competitive Strategy: It evaluates key competitors and offers practical guidance for maintaining a competitive edge in a rapidly evolving market.

Conclusion

The market for spatiotemporal omics is expected to increase significantly due to growing applications in clinical and research settings, growing need for precision medicine, and technical advancements. To keep a competitive edge, major competitors in the market are always improving their product offerings, investing in R&D, and inventing. Despite obstacles like exorbitant expenses and intricate data, the amalgamation of artificial intelligence and multi-modal platforms offers significant prospects. Organizations that use these insights can take advantage of development opportunities, overcome obstacles, and set themselves up for long-term success in the ever-changing spatiotemporal omics landscape.

[healthcare-updates-with-sns]

Spatial Omics Market: Future Trends and Market Potential 2024-2032

The Spatial Omics Market was valued at USD 355.8 million in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 847.6 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 11.5% during the forecast period 2023–2030. This impressive growth trajectory highlights the increasing adoption of spatial omics technologies in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, particularly in fields such as oncology, neuroscience, and immunology.

Market Overview Spatial omics technologies combine advanced imaging and molecular profiling tools to map biological molecules within their spatial context in tissues. These techniques are becoming increasingly crucial in understanding complex disease mechanisms at a cellular level, aiding in the development of precision medicine and targeted therapies. The integration of spatial transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and metabolomics is reshaping the way researchers analyze tissue architecture and cellular heterogeneity.

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Regional Analysis

North America currently dominates the spatial omics market due to robust R&D infrastructure, rising healthcare investments, and strong presence of biotech companies and research institutes.

Europe follows closely, supported by increased government funding for genomics and healthcare innovation.

Asia-Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth, fueled by expanding healthcare systems, growing genomic research interest, and collaborations across academic and commercial sectors.

Latin America and Middle East & Africa are emerging markets showing promise due to rising diagnostic needs and improving healthcare access.

Market Segmentation

By Technology

Spatial Transcriptomics

Spatial Proteomics

Spatial Metabolomics

Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging

By Product

Instruments

Consumables

Software

By Application

Oncology

Neurology

Immunology

Drug Discovery

Others

By End-User

Academic & Research Institutions

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies

Contract Research Organizations

KEY PLAYERS

The major key players are 10x Genomics, Dovetail Genomics (Cantata Bio.), S2 Genomics, Inc., NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seven Bridges Genomics, PerkinElmer, Inc., Bio-Techne, Danaher Corporation, Ionpath, Inc., Millennium Science Pty Ltd., and other key players

Key Highlights

Increasing prevalence of cancer and neurological disorders is fueling demand for spatial omics in clinical and translational research.

Technological advancements in imaging and sequencing platforms are enhancing resolution and scalability.

Growing collaborations between academic institutions and biotech firms are accelerating innovation.

Rising demand for personalized medicine and biomarker discovery is expanding the application of spatial omics.

Emergence of AI-driven analytical tools is streamlining data interpretation and boosting efficiency.

Future Scope The future of the spatial omics market lies in the seamless integration of multi-omics data, artificial intelligence, and cloud-based bioinformatics platforms. As spatial technologies evolve to provide higher resolution, throughput, and automation, their adoption in clinical diagnostics is expected to rise significantly. Further, expanding their utility in areas such as regenerative medicine, infectious disease research, and tissue engineering will open new avenues for market growth.

Conclusion The spatial omics market is entering a transformative phase marked by rapid technological advancements and increasing clinical relevance. With its potential to revolutionize disease diagnosis and drug development, spatial omics is emerging as a cornerstone of next-generation biomedical research. Strategic investments and cross-disciplinary collaboration will be key in unlocking its full potential across industries and regions.

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[prachicmi2]

Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market to Surge with Single-Cell Resolution

The Global Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market is estimated to be valued at USD 335.8 Mn in 2025 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 13% over the forecast period 2025 to 2032.

Spatial genomics and transcriptomics products enable high-resolution mapping of gene expression within tissue sections, combining imaging-based sequencing with computational analytics. These platforms offer single-cell resolution and multiplexed detection of thousands of transcripts, giving researchers unprecedented insights into cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental interactions. Advantages include precise localization of biomarkers, improved target validation in oncology and neuroscience, and accelerated drug discovery through deeper tumor-immune profiling. As demand grows for integrated multi-omics and digital pathology workflows, Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market Insights is an instruments and reagents—such as barcoded slides, fluorescence-based probes, and advanced bioinformatics software—are becoming essential tools in academic and commercial research labs. The need for robust spatial profiling in personalized medicine and biomarker discovery continues to drive adoption, while ongoing innovations reduce data-analysis bottlenecks.

Get more insights on,Spatial Genomics Transcriptomics Market

[aitrainingcenter]

At the core of problem-solving

As director of the MIT BioMicro Center (BMC), Stuart Levine ’97 wholeheartedly embraces the variety of challenges he tackles each day. One of over 50 core facilities providing shared resources across the Institute, the BMC supplies integrated high-throughput genomics, single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis, bioinformatics support, and data management to researchers across MIT. “Every day…

[savibangar]

Spatial Genomics Market to be Worth $3.23 Billion by 2031

Meticulous Research®, a top global market research firm, has released a report titled "Spatial Genomics Market by Type (Genomics, Transcriptomics), Technology (Sequencing, Imaging), Application (Oncology, Neurology), Offering (Consumables, Instruments, Software), End User (Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology, CRO) - Global Forecast to 2031."

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The report forecasts that the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market will reach $3.23 billion by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27.8% from 2024 to 2031. This growth is attributed to increasing applications in drug discovery, advancements in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and the rising prevalence of cancer. However, challenges such as the lack of standardized approaches and privacy concerns may hinder market expansion.

Key players in the market include NanoString Technologies, 10X Genomics, and Illumina. The report indicates that the instruments segment is expected to experience the highest growth rate due to rising demand for advanced detection capabilities. Notably, the transcriptomics segment is projected to dominate the market share in 2024.

Asia-Pacific is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by increased funding and advancements in research infrastructure across the region.

Browse in Depth @ https://www.meticulousresearch.com/product/spatial-genomics-market-5763

Key questions answered in the report:

Which are the high-growth market segments in terms of offering, type, technology, application, end user, and region/country?

What was the historical market for spatial genomics across the globe?

What are the market forecasts and estimates for the period 2024–2031?

What are the major drivers, restraints, challenges, opportunities, and trends in the global spatial genomics & transcriptomics market?

Who are the major players in the global spatial genomics & transcriptomics market?

What is the competitive landscape, and who are the market leaders in the global spatial genomics market?

What are the recent developments in the spatial genomics & transcriptomics market?

What are the different strategies adopted by the major players in the spatial genomics market?

What are the geographical trends and high-growth regions/countries?

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[evoldir]

Fwd: Course: UAutonoma_Madrid.EvoDevoTechnologies.Dec16-19

Begin forwarded message: > From: evoldir@evol.biology.mcmaster.ca > Subject: Course: UAutonoma_Madrid.EvoDevoTechnologies.Dec16-19 > Date: 16 October 2024 at 07:49:14 BST > To: rdmpage@gmail.com > > > > There are still some spots available for the course: > > "New Technologies for Developmental Evolutionary Biology Studies" > > Where: Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global, > Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain (CIBC-UAM) > > When: 16th-19th December 2024 > > Language: English > > Applications: September 20th to October 25th > > Course website: > https://ift.tt/aURJ7Xe > > The Centro de Investigacion en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global- Universidad > Autonoma de Madrid (CIBC-UAM) offers this intensive theoretical and > hands-on course for advanced graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, > and senior researchers who seek to stay updated on the hot topics in > evolutionary developmental biology research. > > For four days, internationally renowned experts will teach basic > concepts and skills in evolutionary developmental biology, with a > particular emphasis on the latest techniques developed for addressing > these studies. Additionally, all sessions will include a practical > component where students will perform data analysis and interpretation. > > This course, with a strong theoretical foundation and an intense > practical component, aims to update students' knowledge in evolutionary > developmental biology and stimulate their creativity, expanding the > range of techniques to be used in their respective research projects. > > Topics covered: > > * comparative transcriptomics > > * single cell transcriptomics > > * bulk transcriptomics > > * spatial transcriptomics > > * ATAC-seq technique > > * phylogenomics > > * comparative genomics > > * gene regulation > > * plastic phenotypes > > * evolutionary novelties > > If you have any questions, please send an email to > (ecoevodevo.cibc@gmail.com) > > Kind regards, > > The organizers > > > David Buckley > Dpto. Biolog�a (Gen�tica) y > Centro de Investigaci�n en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) > Universidad Aut�noma de Madrid (UAM) > c/ Darwin 2, 28049-Madrid, Spain > > https://ift.tt/jLpN1O0 > https://ift.tt/pliNz6W > > David Buckley Iglesias

[leedsomics]

Uncovering Plaque-Glia Niches in Human Alzheimer's Disease Brains Using Spatial Transcriptomics

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques and surrounding glial activation are prominent histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, it is unclear how Abeta plaques interact with surrounding glial cells in the human brain. Here, we applied spatial transcriptomics (ST) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Abeta, GFAP, and IBA1 to acquire data from 258,987 ST spots within 78 postmortem brain sections of 21 individuals. By coupling ST and adjacent-section IHC, we showed that low Abeta spots exhibit transcriptomic profiles indicative of greater neuronal loss than high Abeta spots, and high-glia spots present transcriptomic changes indicative of more significant inflammation and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we observed that this ST glial response bears signatures of reported mouse gene modules of plaque-induced genes (PIG), oligodendrocyte (OLIG) response, disease-associated microglia (DAM), and disease-associated astrocytes (DAA), as well as different microglia (MG) states identified in human AD brains, indicating that multiple glial cell states arise around plaques and contribute to local immune response. We then validated the observed effects of Abeta on cell apoptosis and plaque-surrounding glia on inflammation and synaptic loss using IHC. In addition, transcriptomic changes of iPSC-derived microglia-like cells upon short-interval Abeta treatment mimic the ST glial response and mirror the reported activated MG states. Our results demonstrate an exacerbation of synaptic and neuronal loss in low-A{beta} or high-glia areas, indicating that microglia response to Abeta-oligomers likely initiates glial activation in plaque-glia niches. Our study lays the groundwork for future pathology genomics studies, opening the door for investigating pathological heterogeneity and causal effects in neurodegenerative diseases. http://dlvr.it/TD5V99